Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have shown great potential for harvesting vibration energy and monitoring mechanical signals. Enhancing the waveform characteristics of triboelectric signals is key to improving sensing accuracy. In this study, a TENG-based vibration sensor is developed using a polymer triboelectric material-encapsulated metal conductor, guided by an interface incompatibility strategy to enrich signal waveform features. Specifically, polyvinyl alcohol-modified electroless nickel-plated cotton is employed as the inner conductive layer, which is subsequently encapsulated by a low-modulus polydimethylsiloxane resin to fabricate the TENG device. Distinct contact-separation peaks appear in the triboelectric output when interfacial interactions are dominated by compressive stress, while under vibrational excitation, the output exhibits a series of attenuated peaks. Increasing the interfacial contact area and incompatibility promotes relative motion between layers, enhancing triboelectric charge generation, transfer, and separation. Notably, the triboelectric waveform features vary significantly across different vibration modes, enabling the sensor to effectively monitor equipment operating status. This work demonstrates a significant advancement toward battery-free, high-resolution monitoring platforms for intelligent and precision manufacturing applications.