The synergistic damage caused by wear and corrosion presents a critical challenge that severely limits the service performance of key components in high-end equipment, creating an urgent need to develop new wear- and corrosion-resistant composite materials. In this study, a series of CoCrNi-based composite coatings with varying Cr contents were fabricated using laser cladding technology. The results indicate that although the Cr-free coating, which possesses the lowest hardness, demonstrates the poorest corrosion resistance in electrochemical tests, its wear volume under room-temperature dry sliding conditions is two orders of magnitude lower than that of the Cr-containing coatings. Furthermore, under tribocorrosion conditions, its damage volume is reduced by half. This superior performance is attributed to the ability of the Cr-free coating to form a dense tribolayer under both dry and lubricated sliding conditions, effectively isolating the substrate from the counterface. This study provides valuable insights for developing wear- and corrosion-resistant materials capable of in situ formation of protective tribofilms at room temperature.