Machines and robots have become greatly significant in liberating human beings from heavy and repetitive physical work, which requires intelligent monitoring of their operation states. However, simultaneous realization of self-power, high mechanical strength, ultra-stretchability, and low-temperature tolerance for sensing devices remains challenging. Here, a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) based on anti-freezing, mechanically robust and electrically conductive organohydrogels is demonstrated via a binary-nanomaterial-functionalization and solvent-exchange approach. The organohydrogel exhibits high anti-freezing behaviors with maintained electrical conductivity (6.2 S/m) and mechanical properties (2.7 MPa and 820 %) at extreme subzero temperatures. Notably, molecular interactions and geometrical synergy of the nanophases enable the high operation durability of the TENG with at least 15,000 working cycles and a peak power density of ∼ 120 mW m−2 (loading resistance of 5 × 107 Ω and pressure of 40 N) in such harsh environments. Furthermore, the TENG is employed to create a monitoring system capable of real-time wirelessly transmitting electrical signals for identifying the sizes and textures of objects grasped by a robotic hand. Featuring these characteristics, this work may provide a new perspective for designing new strong yet tough and cold-tolerant materials for intelligent and self-powered human–machine interactive systems.