Abstract With the rapid advancement of science and technology, there is an increasing focus on critical issues such as energy scarcity and environmental pollution caused by energy waste. To address these challenges, the exploration of biodegradable polymers and their application in the development of green energy devices has become a prominent research area. Biodegradable polymers, including starch, cellulose, silk fibroin, and polylactic acid, offer several advantages such as abundant sources, low production costs, biodegradability, and flexible design, making them highly promising for the fabrication of environmentally friendly energy devices. Notably, the utilization of biodegradable polymers in the production of piezoelectric and friction nanogenerators, supercapacitors, and other devices demonstrates their significant potential in mitigating issues associated with energy waste pollution and energy scarcity. This comprehensive review pemphasizes the merits of various biodegradable polymers and provides an overview of their current applications in the development of green energy devices. It also describes the basic structure and properties of both natural and synthetic biodegradable polymers. Furthermore, it addresses the challenges encountered during the development process and presents prospects for future advancements. With the rapid advancement of science and technology, there is an increasing focus on critical issues such as energy scarcity and environmental pollution caused by energy waste. To address these challenges, the exploration of biodegradable polymers and their application in the development of green energy devices has become a prominent research area. Biodegradable polymers, including starch, cellulose, silk fibroin, and polylactic acid, offer several advantages such as abundant sources, low production costs, biodegradability, and flexible design, making them highly promising for the fabrication of environmentally friendly energy devices. Notably, the utilization of biodegradable polymers in the production of piezoelectric and friction nanogenerators, supercapacitors, and other devices demonstrates their significant potential in mitigating issues associated with energy waste pollution and energy scarcity. This comprehensive review pemphasizes the merits of various biodegradable polymers and provides an overview of their current applications in the development of green energy devices. It also describes the basic structure and properties of both natural and synthetic biodegradable polymers. Furthermore, it addresses the challenges encountered during the development process and presents prospects for future advancements.