This study conducts push-out tests on eight geopolymer concrete filled steel tube column specimens with varying design parameters to evaluate the effects of steel tube wall thickness, concrete strength, and the presence of welded longitudinal ribs on the bond-slip performance at the interface between geopolymer concrete and steel tube. The study analyzes the influence mechanism of chemical bonding force, mechanical bite force, and friction resistance on bond strength and a three-stage bond-slip constitutive relationship is established. The results indicate that steel tube strain increases with height, with significant strain observed at the welding structure and the fixed end of the steel tube. The length-to-diameter ratio, diameter-to-thickness ratio, concrete strength, and construction measures of the steel tube are identified as key factors in enhancing interfacial bonding performance. The presence of welded longitudinal ribs on the inner wall of the steel tube significantly improves the interface bonding. The calculated bond strength ratios, compared with the test results, fall within an 11% margin, demonstrating good agreement.