Design/methodology/approach A water-lubricated journal bearing test rig is constructed, and three bearings with different bush thickness ratios are fabricated. Bush deformation under various loads is measured, and the friction coefficient and axis trajectory under different operating conditions are tested. The vibration responses of the bearings under directional harmonic excitation are studied. The influences of rotational speed, load and rubber-to-plastic bush thickness ratio on the bearing’s lubrication and vibration properties are analyzed. Findings The friction coefficient of the bearing initially decreases rapidly and subsequently increases gradually as the rotational speed or load increases. The bearing with a thicker rubber bush shows lower displacement amplitudes in its axis trajectory. Under a 45° directed excitation, significant oscillations are observed in the vertical displacement, while the horizontal displacement remains stable. The damping effect of the bearing with a thicker rubber bush is more pronounced. Originality/value This paper present the influence of rubber-to-plastic bush thickness ratio on bearing lubrication and vibration performance. The results are valuable for the design of this type of bearing. Peer review The peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/ILT-12-2024-0469/