Hard anodized aluminum oxide coating was prepared on the surface of 6061 aluminum alloy by anodizing technology, and the effects of different anodizing voltages on the coating structure and properties were systematically studied, aiming to prepare high-quality coatings with excellent wear resistance and corrosion resistance. The microstructural analysis and wear and corrosion resistance tests of the coatings prepared at different voltages showed that under the conditions of 120 and 180 V, the coating did not form a complete nanoporous structure, and the coating thickness was low, and the performance was weak. In contrast, the coatings prepared under the conditions of 240, 300 and 360 V showed a complete nanoporous structure and higher thickness, and the content of soft Al2O3 particles on the coating surface gradually increased with the increase of voltage. It is worth noting that the 240 V sample showed the best wear and corrosion resistance. This is mainly due to its comprehensive advantages such as high coating thickness, low roughness, high hardness, and low porosity. This study provides important experimental basis and technical support for the optimization design and subsequent application of high-performance coatings on aluminum alloy surfaces.