Here, we study layered zirconium phosphate intercalated with octadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (STAB-ZrP) as a thickener by thickening five types of base oils. The thickening ability and fluidity behavior of STAB-ZrP gel were evaluated using rheological measurements. The tribological properties of STAB-ZrP gel were investigated using a reciprocating tribometer under temperatures of 25 °C and -15 °C. The rheological results showed that STAB-ZrP gel had grease-like characteristics. Naphthenic and alkyl naphthalene as the base oil can lead to the higher thickening ability. Naphthenic oil maintained the most colloidal stability at 25 °C and -15 °C. STAB-ZrP gel exhibited superior anti-wear and friction reduction, owing to the formation of a solid protective film on the contact interface. The layered structure and morphology of STAB-ZrP after thickening were confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). This research established the relationship of STAB-ZrP with base oils in terms of their performance. STAB-ZrP acts as both a thickener and a solid additive in the STAB-ZrP gel system. This study can serve a beneficial trial for future preparations of lubricating grease.