Seizure is a severe accident that can abruptly stop or even damage running equipment. Improving the anti-seizure properties of friction pair materials is also crucial as lubricating and wear resistance. While the tribological performances of molybdenum disilicide (MoSi2) and ferrophosphorus (FemPn) particle-doped copper-tin-bismuth (Cu-Sn-Bi) composites have been investigated in previous studies, the specific effects of MoSi2 and FemPn particles on the anti-seizure property of Cu-Sn-Bi materials remain unclear. This study explores the seizure resistance of Cu-Sn-Bi composites containing MoSi2 and/or FemPn under conformal and non-conformal contact conditions. The materials were prepared using powder sintering technology, and the metallographic structure of four types of self-lubricating copper composites was observed. Seizure resistance under starved lubrication conditions was investigated, and the worn surfaces under different contact types were discussed and analyzed. The results indicate that the addition of MoSi2 and/or FemPn particles effectively refines the grain size, and these particles exhibit different distribution trends after powder sintering. The MoSi2 and FemPn particles improved the maximum seizure load of copper-based composite samples by 66.67% and 84.62%, respectively. The seizure forms under different contact types were also discussed.