The seamless integration of advanced triboelectric nanogenerators with fiber material has propelled the rapid advancement of intelligent wearable electronics. The overheating and mechanical abrasion associated with prolonged operation poses a significant challenge for conventional fiber-based triboelectric materials. Aramid fibers, characterized by high thermal stability, ultra-high mechanical strength, and excellent insulating properties, can effectively compensate for the limitations of triboelectric materials. However, the intrinsic advantages of aramid fiber triboelectric materials and their general structural design strategies have not yet to be comprehensively elucidated. In this review, the synthesis methods and development history of aramid fiber triboelectric materials in recent years are summarized. Importantly, the unique advantages and development potential of aramid fibers as triboelectric materials are systematically discussed, particularly regarding high-temperature resistance, high strength, and electrical insulation. Furthermore, the latest advancements in the structural design and performance modulation of aramid fiber triboelectric materials are presented. The aramid fiber-based self-powered wearable electronics in high-temperature warning, impact monitoring, and human energy harvesting are summarized. Finally, the challenges and opportunities facing the future development of aramid fiber-based triboelectric nanogenerators are discussed.